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System Message:Contents Preface page xi Abbreviations xiv 1. Universal Grammar and language acquisition 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Universal Grammar in L1 acquisition 2 1.3 Why UG? The logical problem of language acquisition 3 1.3.1 An example: the Overt Pronoun Constraint 4 1.4 Parameters of Universal Grammar 9 1.4.1 An example: feature strength and movement 10 1.5 UG access: earlier approaches to UG and SLA 15 1.6 Methodological issues: ‘tapping’ linguistic competence 17 1.7 Conclusion 19 Topics for discussion 19 Suggestions for additional reading 20 2. Principles of Universal Grammar in L2 acquisition 22 2.1 UG and the logical problem of L2 acquisition 22 2.1.1 The Overt Pronoun Constraint in L2 23 2.1.2 Process versus result nominals in L2 French 30 2.1.3 Principles of UG in early interlanguage grammars: the ECP 35 2.2 The logical problem of L2 revisited: alternative accounts 39 2.2.1 L2 input 40 2.2.2 The L1 grammar as the source of knowledge of UG principles 41 2.3 Problems for the UG claim: wild interlanguage grammars 42 2.3.1 Ref l exive binding 43 2.3.2 Null prep 51 2.4 Methodological issues 54 2.5 Conclusion 56 Topics for discussion 57 Suggestions for additional reading 57 vii Contents 3. The initial state 58 3.1 What is the initial state? 58 3.2 A grammar as the initial state 61 3.2.1 The Full Transfer Full Access Hypothesis 61 3.2.2 The Minimal Trees Hypothesis 68 3.2.3 The Valueless Features Hypothesis 78 3.3 UG as the initial state 87 3.3.1 The Initial Hypothesis of Syntax 87 3.3.2 Full Access (without Transfer) 88 3.4 Assessing initial-state hypotheses: similarities and differences 95 3.5 Interlanguage representation: defective or not? 96 3.6 Conclusion 98 Topics for discussion 98 Suggestions for additional reading 99 4. Grammars beyond the initial state: parameters and functional categories 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Parameters in interlanguage grammars 100 4.3 Global impairment 102 4.3.1 Breakdown of the Null Subject Parameter 102 4.3.2 Breakdown of a word-order parameter 108 4.3.3 Global impairment: assessment 113 4.4 Local impairment 114 4.4.1 Local impairment: evidence 115 4.4.2 Local Impairment: assessment 117 4.5 UG-constrained grammars and parameter setting 118 4.6 No parameter resetting 119 4.6.1 No parameter setting: evidence 120 4.6.2 No parameter resetting: assessment 125 4.7 Parameter setting and resetting 127 4.7.1 The Verb Movement Parameter: acquiring new feature strength 128 4.7.2 Nominal projections: feature strength, features and categories 132 4.8 Settings of neither L1 nor L2 141 4.8.1 Settings of neither L1 nor L2: ref l exives 143 4.8.2 Settings of neither L1 nor L2: case checking 146 4.9 Parameter setting and resetting: assessment 148 4.10 Conclusion 149 Topics for discussion 149 Suggestions for additional reading 150 Contents ix 5. The transition problem, triggering and input 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Parsing 153 5.3 The f i ltering effects of grammars 153 5.4 Parameter setting: triggers and cues 157 5.4.1 Morphological triggers: a digression 160 5.5 Triggers for L2 parameter resetting: more on Verb Movement 162 5.6 A role for negative evidence in triggering? 164 5.7 Triggering in L2: manipulating the input 166 5.7.1 Manipulating the input: assessment 169 5.8 Beyond explicit teaching 171 5.9 Conclusion 175 Topics for discussion 175 Suggestions for additional reading 176 6. Morphological variability and the morphology/syntax interface 178 6.1 Morphological variability: identifying the problem 178 6.2 Surface versus abstract morphology 180 6.3 Accounts of morphological variability in L1 acquisition 181 6.3.1 Morphology-before-syntax 182 6.3.2 Syntax-before-morphology 182 6.4 Perspectives on the morphology/syntax interface in L2 184 6.4.1 Morphology-before-syntax: incompleteness and def i cits 184 6.4.2 Syntax-before-morphology: the data 187 6.4.3 Missing surface inf l ection: explanations 193 6.5 Methodological considerations 199 6.6 The morphology/syntax interface: conclusion 201 Topics for discussion 201 Suggestions for additional reading 202 7. Argument structure 203 7.1 Argument structure 203 7.2 Lexical entries 203 7.3 Mapping from lexicon to syntax: the logical problem of argument-structure acquisition 205 7.4 Semantic constraints on argument-structure alternations 206 7.5 Crosslinguistic differences in conf l ation patterns 212 7.5.1 Conf l ation patterns in L2 motion verbs 213 7.5.2 Lexical parameters and conf l ation 218 7.6 Thematic properties of arguments and their syntactic consequences 223 7.6.1 Thematic hierarchies, UTAH and psych verbs 224 7.6.2 The Unaccusative Hypothesis 228 Contents 7.7 Transitivity alternations and effects of argument-changing morphology 234 7.8 Methodological considerations 238 7.9 Argument structure: conclusion 238 Topics for discussion 239 Suggestions for additional reading 240 8. Ultimate attainment: the nature of the steady state 241 8.1 Introduction 241 8.2 Convergence versus divergence 242 8.3 How to identify an endstate grammar 244 8.4 Age effects on ultimate attainment 245 8.4.1 Violations of Subjacency 245 8.4.2 Subjacency violations: a reanalysis 248 8.5 Age effects in near-native speakers 249 8.6 Convergence or not: more on near-native speakers 252 8.7 Non-UG structures revisited 254 8.8 Divergence: L1 inf l uence 258 8.9 Non-native ultimate attainment: optionality revisited 263 8.10 Summary: endstate competence 266 8.11 Conclusion: initial to steady state 266 Topics for discussion 271 Suggestions for additional reading 271 Glossary 273 Notes 283 References 288 Index 312
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